Short answer: which drone licence Australia pathway is right?
The Excluded Category suits small, simple, daytime drone work under strict CASA conditions. A RePL and ReOC suit larger aircraft, higher-risk work, multiple pilots and complex contracts. However, a ReOC does not automatically approve night, BVLOS or controlled-airspace operations.
Meta description: Drone licence Australia in 2026: compare ReOC, RePL and Excluded Category rules for commercial flying. Book your training today.
Drone licence Australia: the two main commercial pathways
Australia has two practical pathways for commercial drone operations in 2026:
- Excluded Category operations
- Certificated operations using a RePL and, usually, a ReOC
The best option depends on your aircraft, worksite, clients and operating plans. It also depends on whether you can stay inside CASA’s Standard Operating Conditions, or SOC.
The Excluded Category provides a simpler entry point. It can suit a small business offering basic photography, property imagery or limited inspection work.
However, the pathway has a narrow operating envelope. You must follow every applicable condition. If your job requires night operations, BVLOS, larger aircraft or work near people, you may need a different approval pathway.
A Remote Pilot Licence, or RePL, confirms that an individual has demonstrated the required knowledge and practical flying skills. A Remote Operator’s Certificate, or ReOC, applies to the organisation and its documented operation.
In simple terms:
- RePL: the pilot qualification.
- ReOC: the operator approval and management framework.
- Excluded Category: a limited operating pathway that may not require either credential.
Read the current requirements on CASA’s Remote Pilot Licence guidance before you fly. CASA rules and transition arrangements can change.
What is the Excluded Category?
The Excluded Category covers certain operations that remain within CASA’s prescribed limits. These operations generally do not require a RePL or ReOC.
For commercial operators, the common pathway involves an RPA weighing no more than 2 kilograms. There is also a separate own-land pathway for some aircraft below 25 kilograms. The exact eligibility requirements matter, so do not rely only on the aircraft’s advertised weight.
You must also meet the Standard Operating Conditions. These conditions limit where, when and how you fly.
Standard Operating Conditions explained
Under the SOC framework, the operation must generally meet these requirements:
- Keep the aircraft within visual line of sight, or VLOS.
- Fly during daylight.
- Stay at or below 120 metres above ground level.
- Keep at least 30 metres horizontally from people not involved in the operation.
- Do not fly over people.
- Avoid populous areas and public safety operations unless you hold the required approval.
- Do not fly in prohibited or restricted airspace without authorisation.
- Follow applicable aerodrome separation rules.
- Operate only one RPA per pilot at a time.
VLOS means that the pilot can see the aircraft directly without using binoculars or another visual aid. The pilot must see enough of the aircraft and its flight path to monitor the operation and avoid collisions.
The 120-metre limit applies above ground level. It does not mean 120 metres above the take-off point when the terrain changes. A flight over rising ground requires careful altitude management.
The 30-metre separation rule also needs planning. A person walking into your operating area can change the risk picture. You may need to pause or land the aircraft.
Registration, accreditation and records
Commercial excluded operations commonly require:
- Operator accreditation.
- Registration of each drone used for paid work.
- Compliance with the current CASA registration process.
- Records that demonstrate responsible operation.
Check the current position through CASA and the myCASA system. Registration and accreditation requirements can depend on the operation, aircraft and regulatory changes.
Good records should include:
- Aircraft identification and registration details.
- Pilot and observer details.
- Date, location and purpose of each flight.
- Pre-flight checks.
- Weather and airspace checks.
- Maintenance and defect information.
- Incidents, near misses and corrective actions.
- Training, currency and competency information.
Records do more than satisfy a regulator. They help you answer client questions, manage insurance claims and identify recurring safety problems.
RePL and ReOC: what each credential does
A RePL and ReOC work together, but they are not the same thing.
What is a RePL?
A RePL is an individual remote pilot qualification. It demonstrates that the pilot has completed approved training and assessment for the relevant aircraft category.
A RePL can help you:
- Fly larger commercial aircraft.
- Work for an existing ReOC holder.
- Support a company’s operating capability.
- Meet client, insurer and procurement expectations.
- Progress into specialist endorsements and training.
The aircraft category matters. A pilot trained for one category may need additional training before operating a different aircraft type or weight category.
A RePL does not give a pilot unlimited permission. The pilot must still follow the operator’s procedures, aircraft limitations, airspace rules and any applicable approvals.
What is a ReOC?
A ReOC is an operator certificate. It applies to a business or organisation, not just one person.
A ReOC helps an operator establish a controlled and documented system for commercial drone work. It can include:
- An operations manual.
- Risk management processes.
- Pilot competency requirements.
- Maintenance procedures.
- Emergency procedures.
- Recordkeeping systems.
- Roles and responsibilities.
- A Chief Remote Pilot structure.
A ReOC can support complex work. However, it does not automatically authorise every advanced operation.
For example, an operator may still need specific approval for:
- Night operations.
- Beyond visual line of sight, or BVLOS.
- Operations near controlled aerodromes.
- Flights in controlled airspace.
- Operations closer to people.
- Higher operating heights.
- Special aircraft or payloads.
Think of a ReOC as the organisation’s operating foundation. Specific approvals still depend on the proposed operation and its safety case.
Key facts comparison table
| Factor | Excluded Category | RePL pathway | RePL plus ReOC pathway |
|---|---|---|---|
| Best suited to | Small, simple operations | Pilots working for an operator | Businesses running their own operation |
| RePL required | Generally no, if all conditions apply | Yes | Yes for relevant pilots |
| ReOC required | No, if the operation remains excluded | Usually the pilot works under an existing operator | Usually yes for the organisation |
| Typical aircraft | Small RPA within the applicable limits | Larger or more capable RPA | Aircraft and operations within the operator’s approval |
| Visual line of sight | Required | Usually required unless approved otherwise | Can support applications outside VLOS |
| Daylight | Required under SOC | Night work needs approval or applicable authorisation | Night work still needs approval or applicable authorisation |
| Maximum height | 120 m above ground level | Depends on applicable rules and approval | Depends on applicable rules and approval |
| Separation from people | Strict SOC limits apply | Risk-based and approval-dependent | Documented procedures and approvals apply |
| One aircraft per pilot | Required under SOC | Depends on the operation | Multiple pilots and aircraft can be managed |
| Controlled airspace | Authorisation may be required | Approval may be required | ReOC supports the application but does not guarantee approval |
| BVLOS | Not available under SOC | Requires appropriate approval | ReOC may support a BVLOS approval application |
| Records | Commercial records should be maintained | Operator records apply | Formal operational records are central |
| Contract potential | Often limited to simpler work | Broader employment options | Better suited to larger tenders and enterprise work |
Why ReOC supports more complex commercial work
An excluded operation can be useful for testing a business idea. Yet many commercial opportunities sit outside the SOC limits.
A ReOC becomes valuable when you need to manage:
- Multiple pilots.
- Multiple aircraft.
- Specialist aircraft or payloads.
- Recurrent training.
- Client reporting.
- Formal safety procedures.
- Subcontractors.
- Larger infrastructure projects.
- Government or enterprise procurement requirements.
For example, a mining company may ask for evidence of pilot competency, maintenance control, incident reporting and operational governance. An excluded operator may struggle to satisfy that procurement process.
A ReOC gives the business a documented framework. It also gives clients a clearer way to assess the operator’s capability.
Still, a ReOC is not a blanket exemption from CASA rules. The operator must conduct each flight within its approvals and procedures. The Chief Remote Pilot must ensure that pilots, aircraft and missions remain compliant.
Chief Remote Pilot responsibilities
A Chief Remote Pilot, or CRP, provides operational oversight. The role can include:
- Approving pilots for specific tasks.
- Checking pilot currency and competency.
- Reviewing risk assessments.
- Managing operational manuals.
- Monitoring incidents and safety trends.
- Controlling aircraft and equipment standards.
- Ensuring the company follows its ReOC conditions.
This structure matters as a business grows. Informal decisions become harder to control when several crews work across different sites.

Step-by-step pathway to a commercial drone business
Step 1: Define the work
Start with the service you want to sell. Do you plan to provide real estate images, roof inspections, mapping, agriculture, media or infrastructure inspections?
Write down:
- Typical job locations.
- Aircraft size and payload.
- Flight duration.
- Required height.
- Distance from people.
- Operating hours.
- Number of pilots.
- Expected clients.
This step prevents you from choosing training based only on the drone you currently own.
Step 2: Check whether Excluded Category limits fit
Compare your planned work with the SOC requirements.
Ask:
- Can every flight remain in VLOS?
- Can every flight occur during daylight?
- Can you stay below 120 metres above ground level?
- Can you maintain separation from people?
- Can you avoid populous areas?
- Can you manage aerodrome and airspace restrictions?
- Can one pilot operate one aircraft at a time?
If the answer is no, plan for a certificated pathway.
Step 3: Complete registration and accreditation where required
For commercial excluded operations, complete the applicable CASA operator accreditation and drone registration requirements.
Keep evidence of both. Also, check whether a client or insurer expects additional documentation.
Step 4: Obtain the right RePL
If you will operate outside the Excluded Category or fly larger aircraft, complete the RePL training for the relevant category.
A CASA-approved RePL course should cover more than basic stick control. You should learn airspace, meteorology, human factors, emergency procedures and safe operational planning.
Step 5: Join an existing ReOC or establish your own
A new pilot can work under an existing ReOC holder. This route can provide operational experience without immediately building a complete operator system.
If you want to contract directly with larger clients, consider a business ReOC pathway. This involves documented procedures, responsible personnel and a system for managing operations.
Step 6: Add specific approvals and specialist training
Plan extra training for the work you want to perform. Options may include:
- Night VLOS.
- BVLOS theory and operational planning.
- Agriculture.
- Medium-category operations.
- Mapping and inspection.
- Radio operations.
- Chief Remote Pilot training.
Each operation must still receive the correct approval. Training alone does not authorise a flight.
Step 7: Build your compliance system
Create a simple, repeatable system for every job.
Before flight, record:
- Client scope.
- Site assessment.
- Airspace checks.
- Weather.
- People and vehicle controls.
- Aircraft status.
- Pilot competency.
- Emergency arrangements.
- Take-off and landing areas.
After flight, record defects, incidents, data handling and maintenance needs.
Practical examples
Example 1: Real estate photography in a rural area
A pilot uses a small drone under 2 kilograms. The flight occurs during daylight, below 120 metres and away from people. The pilot maintains VLOS and avoids restricted airspace.
This job may fit the Excluded Category if all applicable conditions are met. Commercial accreditation and drone registration may still apply.
Example 2: Roof inspection near an active worksite
A client asks for imagery around a busy construction site. Workers, vehicles and changing access routes create separation challenges.
The pilot may not be able to maintain the SOC distance from people. A larger aircraft or closer inspection may also be needed.
This job requires a careful assessment. The operator should not accept it simply because the drone weighs less than 2 kilograms.
Example 3: Night inspection of a solar farm
The client wants thermal data after sunset. Night operations sit outside ordinary daylight-only SOC conditions.
The operator needs the correct training, procedures and approval. A ReOC may support the operating framework, but it does not automatically approve the night flight.
Example 4: Pipeline survey over a long corridor
The aircraft may travel beyond the pilot’s unaided visual range. That creates a BVLOS issue.
The operator must develop an appropriate safety case and obtain the required approval. A ReOC can support the business structure, but it does not itself authorise BVLOS.
Example 5: Enterprise work across several states
A company has pilots in Melbourne, Brisbane and Perth. It uses several aircraft and provides regular infrastructure inspections.
An Excluded Category model may become difficult to manage. A ReOC, CRP and documented procedures can provide a stronger foundation for consistent national operations.
Common mistakes commercial operators make
Mistake 1: Assuming a light drone removes every restriction
Aircraft weight is only one factor. Location, people, airspace, daylight and VLOS also matter.
Mistake 2: Treating a RePL as a business approval
A RePL qualifies a person. It does not create a company operating system or replace a ReOC where one is required.
Mistake 3: Treating a ReOC as a universal permission
A ReOC supports operations within its conditions. It does not automatically permit BVLOS, night operations or controlled-airspace flights.
Mistake 4: Using “120 metres” without checking the ground below
The limit is above ground level. Terrain and structures can change the safe operating height.
Mistake 5: Ignoring people who enter the work area
A flight plan can become unsafe when a person walks into the separation zone. Stop, reassess and update the controls.
Mistake 6: Flying near an aerodrome without checking
Small airports, helicopter landing sites and temporary aviation activity can affect your plan. Complete an airspace check before every flight.
Mistake 7: Keeping no operational records
A missing flight log can weaken your response to a client complaint, incident or insurance question.
Mistake 8: Choosing training based only on the lowest price
A low-cost course may not prepare you for the aircraft, clients or industries you want to serve. Compare practical training, recurrent support, compliance assistance and career pathways.
CASA considerations for 2026
CASA’s regulatory framework continues to evolve. Operators should monitor current rules and published transition dates.
In particular, CASA has published information about changes to flight operations requirements and transition arrangements. Review the CASA transition requirements and deadlines before relying on older advice.
Also consider the following:
- Read the current rules rather than relying on social media summaries.
- Confirm registration and accreditation requirements through CASA.
- Check the exact aircraft category before flying.
- Confirm airspace status for every location.
- Keep your manuals and procedures current.
- Record training and currency.
- Use a risk assessment for non-routine work.
- Confirm client site controls before arrival.
- Report incidents through the correct process.
- Seek specialist advice when the operation falls outside ordinary VLOS and daylight work.
CASA compliance is not an obstacle to commercial growth. It is the process that makes higher-value work safer, more credible and easier to manage.
CASA.ReOC.1421 and Ace Aviation
Ace Aviation Aerospace Academy operates with CASA.ReOC.1421 and provides CASA-approved training delivery. The academy has trained more than 4,000 students across its network.
Ace supports students through training, compliance and commercial pathways. Its global footprint includes Australia, Singapore, Dubai, Korea and Malaysia.
The Why Ace Aviation page explains the broader ecosystem. This includes RePL training, ReOC support, operational resources and commercial career development.
Ace also provides the Altitude+ program. The program supports graduates with ongoing resources, industry connection and development opportunities. Learn more through the Altitude+ graduate pathway.
Qualified graduates can also explore DroneWork and commercial drone jobs. DroneWork is designed to connect pilots with commercial tasks and employment opportunities. It does not guarantee work or replace the need for lawful operation.

Drone training in Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne, Perth and Hobart
Local delivery can make the practical part of your pathway easier.
Ace provides training options across major Australian locations, subject to course schedules and availability:
- Drone course Brisbane includes theory and practical options in the Brisbane area.
- Drone course Sydney supports RePL and related commercial training.
- Drone course Melbourne provides access to Melbourne-based theory and practical delivery.
- Drone course Perth suits operators targeting resources, mining, agriculture and infrastructure work.
- Drone course Hobart supports pilots across Tasmania.
Training location does not change CASA rules. A flight in Brisbane must meet the same national requirements as a flight in Perth, Sydney, Melbourne or Hobart.
Frequently asked questions
1. Do I need a drone licence in Australia for commercial work?
Not always. Some small commercial operations may fit the Excluded Category without a RePL. You must still meet all applicable CASA conditions, including accreditation and registration requirements where applicable.
2. What is the difference between RePL and ReOC?
A RePL qualifies an individual remote pilot. A ReOC applies to the organisation and its documented commercial operation.
3. Can I fly commercially without a RePL?
You may be able to operate commercially in the Excluded Category if your aircraft and operation meet every applicable condition. Check current CASA requirements before flying.
4. Can I start a drone business with only a RePL?
A RePL may allow you to work as a pilot under an existing ReOC. If you want to run your own operation, you may also need a ReOC and supporting systems.
5. Does a ReOC allow BVLOS operations?
No. A ReOC does not automatically authorise BVLOS. You need the correct operational approval and must meet its conditions.
6. Does a ReOC allow night flying?
No. Night operations require the appropriate training, procedures and approval. A ReOC alone does not provide automatic night permission.
7. Can I fly above 120 metres with a ReOC?
Not automatically. Flying above the standard limit requires the relevant approval and operating controls.
8. What does VLOS mean?
VLOS means visual line of sight. The pilot must keep direct unaided visual contact with the aircraft and its flight path.
9. How close can I fly to people?
Under SOC, maintain at least 30 metres horizontally from people not involved in the operation. Do not fly over people. Other operations may require different approved controls.
10. Can I operate more than one aircraft at a time?
Under the Excluded Category SOC, one pilot can operate only one RPA at a time. A larger operation needs appropriate procedures, personnel and approval.
11. Does a drone under 2 kilograms need registration?
Commercial drone registration requirements can apply. Confirm the current CASA position for your operation and aircraft before flight.
12. Do I need operator accreditation?
Commercial excluded operations commonly require operator accreditation. Check CASA’s current accreditation process because requirements may change.
13. What records should a commercial pilot keep?
Keep flight, maintenance, training, aircraft, airspace, incident and risk-management records. ReOC operators should also maintain records required by their manuals and approval conditions.
14. What is the CASA RePL cost?
The cost varies by training provider, aircraft category, location, assessment needs and package inclusions. CASA fees may also apply. Request a current training quote before enrolling.
15. Is the Excluded Category suitable for real estate photography?
It may suit simple daytime work in open areas. You must still manage people, airspace, privacy, aircraft registration and the SOC requirements.
16. Is a ReOC worthwhile for a small business?
It can be worthwhile if you plan to work with larger clients, use several pilots, operate larger aircraft or accept more complex projects. Your intended work should drive the decision.
17. Can a RePL holder work for another company?
Yes. A RePL holder may work under an organisation’s ReOC, provided the operator authorises the pilot and the pilot meets the required competency and currency standards.
18. Does a ReOC guarantee approval for controlled airspace?
No. Controlled-airspace operations may require separate approval, coordination and risk controls. The ReOC supports the operator’s framework but does not guarantee permission.
19. Can I use the same pathway in Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne, Perth and Hobart?
CASA rules are national. However, local airspace, aerodromes, terrain, people and council conditions can differ between cities.
20. What should I do first if I am unsure?
Define your planned work, aircraft, locations and clients. Then speak with a CASA-approved training provider and check the current CASA requirements before accepting paid work.
Summary: choose the pathway that matches the work
The Excluded Category can provide a practical starting point for small, simple commercial drone jobs. It keeps the entry barrier lower, but it also imposes strict limits on aircraft, people, airspace, daylight, height and VLOS.
A RePL gives an individual pilot a stronger professional foundation. A ReOC gives a business the governance, procedures and oversight needed to manage commercial operations.
Choose the ReOC pathway when you expect to use multiple pilots, operate larger aircraft, pursue enterprise contracts or apply for advanced approvals. Remember that a ReOC supports those applications. It does not automatically authorise night, BVLOS or controlled-airspace operations.
If you want to compare Ace Aviation’s commercial drone courses, explore the available locations, or discuss your planned operation, start with a compliance-focused pathway.

Ready to start? Book your training at aaa.edu.au or call 1300 336 366.
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